Years ago, Quark XPress and Adobe InDesign were the two main "graphic design" programs. And by graphic design, I meant mainly working in print. That said, graphic designers back then were also using Photoshop and Illustrator in conjunction with InDesign or Quark XPress. Photoshop and Illustrator are more general tools for modifying raster based and vector based images respectively. InDesign (and Quark XPress) are tools to create documents intended for print specifically. They have all sorts of features that would be relevant to a printing press company that you would be handing your designs off to.
A "graphic designer" may create some logos in vector format, for example, then color correct and retouch some photos that were part of the layout in Photoshop. Then they would bring these into InDesign.
These days, a graphic designer is also designing for the web. Though the role of "web designer/web developer" is a bit more blurred. The graphic designer may come up with the overall layout and other graphical resources, then hand them over to a developer to convert into a web page or a web template to be used in a content management system such as Wordpress.